Construção automatica de teoria em grafos

Orientador: Jacques WainerDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de ComputaçãoResumo: Este trabalho apresenta SCOT, um sistema de construção automática de teoria inspirado no programa AM de Douglas Lenat. O AM é conhecido por ter "redescoberto" uma série de conceitos e conjecturas famosos em teoria dos números, aritmética e geometria [Len82]. Apesar do grande interesse despertado por este programa, este linha de pesquisa continua sendo muito pouco explorada. Um dos grandes problemas com o AM é a complexidade do seu conjunto de heurísticas, que é representado através de um sistema de produção contendo 243 regras. Com o SCOT, nós buscamos uma melhor estruturação e organização na representação das heurísticas, facilitando assim a análise e a manipulação das mesmas. A construção automática de teoria é também conhecida como aprendizagem por descoberta ou aprendizagem por exploraçãoAbstract: In this work we present SCOT, an automatic theory construction system inspired on Lenat's program AM. AM "rediscovered" some well-known concepts and conjectures from number theory, arithmetic and geometry [Len82]. Despite the great interest surrounding that program, further contributions to this research line are scarce. One of the main problem with AM is the great complexity of the heuristic set, which is represented as a production system with 243 rules. With SCOT we propose a revival of the "AM's research", emphasizing the clarity and "manipulability" of the heuristic set. Automatic theory construction is also known as learning by discovery or learning by explorationMestradoMestre em Ciência da Computaçã

Identificação de Viabilidade de Leveduras Com Corante Vital Utilizando Histogramas de Palavras Visuais em Imagens Coloridas

Neste artigo é apresentada uma proposta de automatizar a classificação da viabilidade de leveduras da espécie Saccharomyces cerevisae, responsável pela produção comercial do etanol, usando como atributo a cor absorvida pelo corante vital azul de metileno. A metodologia é usada amplamente em usinas no Brasil e consiste em contar as células incolores que são consideradas viáveis, separando-as das coloridas de azul, consideradas não viáveis. O número de células viáveis por litro interfere no rendimento industrial. Como essa contagem é cansativa e resulta em erros, apresentamos como alternativa a técnica de visão computacional definida como o algoritmo Bag-of-Word (histograma de palavras visuais), bem como algumas extensões que agregam informações de cor e que podem ser adicionados ao algoritmo, isto porque o Bag-of-Word é usado para imagens em tons de cinza. Os atributos extraídos deste algoritmo com suas extensões foram utilizados para teste e treinamento de classificadores extraídos de técnicas de aprendizagem supervisionada. Entre as técnicas que usamos podemos destacar J48, SMO, Naives Bayes e IBk que estão implementados no ambiente WEKA. Os resultados foram analisados através do ANOVA que apresentou valor-p < 2e-16 indicando uma diferença estatística das técnicas analisadas. A técnica Opponent Color apresentou melhores resultados, representando um potencial de aplicação em condições reais das usinas

MTLSegFormer: Multi-Task Learning With Transformers for Semantic Segmentation in Precision Agriculture

Multi-task learning has proven to be effective in improving the performance of correlated tasks. Most of the existing methods use a backbone to extract initial features with independent branches for each task, and the exchange of information between the branches usually occurs through the concatenation or sum of the feature maps of the branches. However, this type of information exchange does not directly consider the local characteristics of the image nor the level of importance or correlation between the tasks. In this paper, we propose a semantic segmentation method, MTLSegFormer, which combines multi-task learning and attention mechanisms. After the backbone feature extraction, two feature maps are learned for each task. The first map is proposed to learn features related to its task, while the second map is obtained by applying learned visual attention to locally re-weigh the feature maps of the other tasks. In this way, weights are assigned to local regions of the image of other tasks that have greater importance for the specific task. Finally, the two maps are combined and used to solve a task. We tested the performance in two challenging problems with correlated tasks and observed a significant improvement in accuracy, mainly in tasks with high dependence on the others

Caracterização de Fitofisionomias Urbanas Usando NDVI em Imagens de Satélite e Software Livre

These paper reports applications using satellite images to the identification of vegetation types in the Campo Grande city. This identification allows studies of urban vegetation, palynology and environmental changes. Images from Landsat 8 and Rapideye satellites from the Campo Grande urban area were used. A soil coverage map was done for each one of the seven sub-regions. The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index was applied. In addition, a field survey was carried out to confirm the vegetation types sites through satellite images. Satellite images and in situ data validation allowed the distinction of the following features: water, urban structure, herbaceous, open and dense vegetation. For the identification of urban vegetation, Rapideye images were the most suitable for this type of study. The Rapideye satellite sensor detected 6.55% more dense vegetation area than Landsat 8 images

A Review on Deep Learning in UAV Remote Sensing

Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) learn representation from data with an impressive capability, and brought important breakthroughs for processing images, time-series, natural language, audio, video, and many others. In the remote sensing field, surveys and literature revisions specifically involving DNNs algorithms' applications have been conducted in an attempt to summarize the amount of information produced in its subfields. Recently, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) based applications have dominated aerial sensing research. However, a literature revision that combines both "deep learning" and "UAV remote sensing" thematics has not yet been conducted. The motivation for our work was to present a comprehensive review of the fundamentals of Deep Learning (DL) applied in UAV-based imagery. We focused mainly on describing classification and regression techniques used in recent applications with UAV-acquired data. For that, a total of 232 papers published in international scientific journal databases was examined. We gathered the published material and evaluated their characteristics regarding application, sensor, and technique used. We relate how DL presents promising results and has the potential for processing tasks associated with UAV-based image data. Lastly, we project future perspectives, commentating on prominent DL paths to be explored in the UAV remote sensing field. Our revision consists of a friendly-approach to introduce, commentate, and summarize the state-of-the-art in UAV-based image applications with DNNs algorithms in diverse subfields of remote sensing, grouping it in the environmental, urban, and agricultural contexts.Comment: 38 pages, 10 figure

Fingerlings mass estimation: A comparison between deep and shallow learning algorithms

The paper presents some results regarding the automatic mass estimation of Pintado Real fingerlings, using machine learning techniques to support the fish production process. For this purpose, an image dataset called FISHCV1206FSEG, was created which is composed of 1206 images of fingerlings with their respective annotated masses. Through the fish contours, the area and perimeter were extracted, and submitted to the J48, SVM, and KNN classification algorithms and a linear regression algorithm. The images were also submitted to ResNet50, In- ceptionV3, Exception, VGG16, and VGG19 convolutional neural networks. As a result, the classification algorithm J48 reached an accuracy of 58.2% and a linear regression model capable of predicting the mass of a Pintado Real fingerling with a mean squared error of 1.5 g. The convolutional neural network ResNet50 obtained an accuracy of 67.08%. We can highlight the contributions of this work through the presentation of a methodology to classify the mass of fingerlings in a non-invasive way and by the analyses and comparing results of different machine learning algorithms for classification and regression

Classification and monitoring of urbanized areas using computer vision techniques

In this paper we propose a computer vision system to classify permeable and impermeable areas of a bounded area for study including the Micro-basin of Segredo and adjacent micro-basins, located in the municipality of Campo Grande/MS, Brazil, in order to evaluate the increase in urban density between the years 2008 and 2016. The proposed system is based on the image segmentation method Simple Linear Iterative Clustering (SLIC) to partition an image into multiple segments and generate superpixels that differentiate the permeable and impermeable areas; and attribute extraction algorithms to describe the visual features such as color, gradient, texture, and shape. The performance of five supervised learning methods was evaluated for the task of permeable and impermeable areas recognition. The proposed approach achieved an accuracy of 94.6% using the Support Vector Machine (SVM) algorithm. In addition, the results showed an increase of 7.2% in the urban occupation rate of the study area between the analyzed years. The results indicate that the proposed approach can support specialists and managers in the monitoring of urban density and its environmental impact.Neste artigo propomos um sistema de visão computacional para classificar áreas permeáveis e impermeáveis de uma região delimitada para estudo compreendendo a Microbacia do Segredo e microbacias adjacentes, localizada no município de Campo Grande/MS, Brasil, a fim de avaliar o aumento do adensamento urbano entre os anos de 2008 e 2016. O sistema proposto baseia-se no método de segmentação de imagens Simple Linear Iterative Clustering (SLIC) para particionar uma imagem em múltiplos segmentos e gerar superpixels que diferenciem as áreas permeáveis e impermeáveis; e algoritmos de extração de atributos para descrever as características visuais, como cor, gradiente, textura e forma. O desempenho de cinco métodos de aprendizado supervisionados foi avaliado para a tarefa de reconhecimento de áreas permeáveis e impermeáveis. A abordagem proposta atingiu uma acurácia de 94,6% usando o algoritmo Support Vector Machine (SVM). Além disso, os resultados mostraram um aumento de 7,2% na taxa de ocupação urbana da área de estudo entre os anos analisados. Os resultados indicam que a abordagem proposta pode apoiar especialistas e gestores no monitoramento do adensamento urbano e o seu impacto ambiental

Adaptive technology in computer engineering: state of art and applications.

Neste trabalho é apresentado um conjunto de contribuições teóricas e práticas que buscam solidificar alguns conceitos da teoria dos dispositivos adaptativos baseados em regras, enfatizando a sua alta aplicabilidade. Uma ferramenta de apoio ao desenvolvimento de autômatos adaptativos, incluindo recursos de animação gráfica, foi desenvolvida de acordo com uma nova proposta de formalização que deverá complementar e simplificar a proposta original. A principal complementação está relacionada com a interpretação e a implementação de funções adaptativas, em sua forma mais geral: com ações elementares de consulta podendo retornar resultados múltiplos. A nossa proposta de formalização, que inclui um algoritmo para a execução de funções adaptativas, é uma ferramenta importante na determinação do impacto da execução da camada adaptativa no cálculo de complexidade geral de um autômato adaptativo. A tese apresenta também uma técnica para a integração de dispositivos adaptativos, basicamente discretos, com mecanismos capazes de manipular informação não-discreta. É mostrado também como estes resultados teóricos e as ferramentas desenvolvidas podem ser aplicadas na solução de problemas nas áreas de aprendizagem computacional, construção de compiladores, interface homem-máquina, visão computacional e diagnóstico médico.This work presents a practical and theoretical assembly of contributions that consolidates some concepts from the rule-driven adaptive devices theory, emphasizing their high applicability. A supporting tool for the development of adaptive automata, which includes graphical animation resources, has been implemented, in agreement with our proposal of formalization. This proposal aims to complement and simplify the original proposal by including an in-depth analysis and formalization of adaptive functions implementation, in their most general form: with elementary query actions being able to return multiple results. The new formalization of adaptive functions, which includes an algorithm for adaptive function execution, is an important tool for determining the impact of an adaptive layer on the complexity analysis of general adaptive automata. The thesis also presents a new technique for the integration of adaptive automata with mechanisms for the manipulation of continuous values. Finally, the application of these theoretical results and the tools developed, to the solution of problems in the area of machine learning, compiler construction, man-machine interface, computational vision and medical diagnosis, is demonstrated

Automatic Theory Formation in Graph Theory

This paper presents SCOT, a system for automatic theory construction in the domain of Graph Theory. Following on the footsteps of the programs ARE [9], HR [1] and Cyrano [6], concept discovery is modeled as search in a concept space. We propose a classification for discovery heuristics, which takes into account the main processes related to theory construction: concept construction, example production, example analysis, conjecture construction, and conjecture analysis